TY - JOUR
T1 - Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE) Accumulation in the Skin is Associated with Depression
T2 - The Maastricht Study
AU - van Dooren, Fleur E. P.
AU - Pouwer, Frans
AU - Schalkwijk, Casper G.
AU - Sep, Simone J. S.
AU - Stehouwer, Coen D. A.
AU - Henry, Ronald M. A.
AU - Dagnelie, Pieter C.
AU - Schaper, Nicolaas C.
AU - van der Kallen, Carla J. H.
AU - Koster, Annemarie
AU - Denollet, Johan
AU - Verhey, Frans R. J.
AU - Schram, Miranda T.
PY - 2017/1
Y1 - 2017/1
N2 - BackgroundDepression is a highly prevalent disease with a high morbidity and mortality risk. Its pathophysiology is not entirely clear. However, type 2 diabetes is an important risk factor for depression. One mechanism that may explain this association may include the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). We therefore investigated the association of AGEs with depressive symptoms and depressive disorder. In addition, we examined whether the potential association was present for somatic and/or cognitive symptoms of depression.MethodsCross-sectional data were used from the Maastricht Study (N = 862, mean age 59.8 8.5 years, 55% men). AGE accumulation was measured with skin autofluorescence (SAF) by use of the AGE Reader. Plasma levels of protein-bound pentosidine were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N epsilon-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) were measured with ultraperformance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms and depressive disorder were assessed by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview.ResultsHigher SAF was associated with depressive symptoms ( = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.73, P = .007) and depressive disorder (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04-1.95, P = .028) after adjustment for age, sex, type 2 diabetes, smoking, BMI, and kidney function. Plasma pentosidine, CML, and CEL were not independently associated with depressive symptoms and depressive disorder.ConclusionsThis study shows that AGE accumulation in the skin is independently associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and depressive disorder. This association is present for both somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression. This might suggest that AGEs are involved in the development of depression.
AB - BackgroundDepression is a highly prevalent disease with a high morbidity and mortality risk. Its pathophysiology is not entirely clear. However, type 2 diabetes is an important risk factor for depression. One mechanism that may explain this association may include the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). We therefore investigated the association of AGEs with depressive symptoms and depressive disorder. In addition, we examined whether the potential association was present for somatic and/or cognitive symptoms of depression.MethodsCross-sectional data were used from the Maastricht Study (N = 862, mean age 59.8 8.5 years, 55% men). AGE accumulation was measured with skin autofluorescence (SAF) by use of the AGE Reader. Plasma levels of protein-bound pentosidine were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N epsilon-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) were measured with ultraperformance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms and depressive disorder were assessed by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview.ResultsHigher SAF was associated with depressive symptoms ( = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.73, P = .007) and depressive disorder (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04-1.95, P = .028) after adjustment for age, sex, type 2 diabetes, smoking, BMI, and kidney function. Plasma pentosidine, CML, and CEL were not independently associated with depressive symptoms and depressive disorder.ConclusionsThis study shows that AGE accumulation in the skin is independently associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and depressive disorder. This association is present for both somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression. This might suggest that AGEs are involved in the development of depression.
KW - depression
KW - diabetes
KW - advanced glycation end products
KW - cohort
KW - TYPE-2 DIABETES-MELLITUS
KW - INTERNATIONAL NEUROPSYCHIATRIC INTERVIEW
KW - ARTERIAL STIFFNESS
KW - OXIDATIVE STRESS
KW - GLYCEMIC CONTROL
KW - RISK-FACTOR
KW - DSM-IV
KW - SYMPTOMS
KW - RECEPTOR
KW - METAANALYSIS
U2 - 10.1002/da.22527
DO - 10.1002/da.22527
M3 - Article
C2 - 27271340
SN - 1091-4269
VL - 34
SP - 59
EP - 67
JO - Depression and Anxiety
JF - Depression and Anxiety
IS - 1
ER -