Adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation in obesity

Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic, metabolically active organ involved in a multitude of physiological processes. The expansion of adipose tissue during the development of obesity is often accompanied by adipose tissue dysfunction, which in turn contributes to metabolic and endocrine derangements. Indeed, adipose tissue dysfunction, which is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, impaired lipid metabolism, inflammation, a disproportionate deposition of extracellular matrix components, and inadequate vascularization, seems to play a prominent role in insulin resistance and systemic low-grade inflammation. In this chapter, the metabolic and immunological consequences of adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity are discussed. Moreover, we will elaborate on the possible link between adipose tissue dysfunction and lung diseases. Targeting adipose tissue dysfunction may provide a valuable strategy to improve cardiometabolic health and pulmonary function in obese individuals and individuals with sarcopenia, who are characterized by a relative excess of adipose tissue.