@article{04c22cab704349b09bf34c814c1527d1,
title = "Acute Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Blood Pressure and Peripheral Vascular Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Essential Hypertension",
abstract = "Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high risk of vascular complications. Interestingly, cocoa flavanols (CF) can exert beneficial vascular effects in non-diabetic subjects. However, these effects have only been scarcely studied in T2DM. Therefore, we performed a study to assess the effects on vascular reactivity of a single dose of CF (790 mg) in T2DM and whether certain antihypertensive drugs may modulate these effects. Methods: 24 non-diabetic and 11 T2DM subjects were studied in a cross-over design. Fasting blood samples, blood pressure (BP), and arterial vasoreactivity (flow-mediated dilation) were assessed before and 70 min after capsule ingestion. Muscle microvascular reactivity was only assessed after capsule ingestion. Age, waist-to-hip ratio, BP at baseline, and the use of antihypertensive drugs were regarded as covariates in a mixed models analysis. Results: CF ingestion did not affect any parameter. However, independent of the type of capsules ingested, a decrease in diastolic BP by 3 mmHg (95\% CI: -4.0; -2.0) and an increase in the change in brachial artery diameter (pre vs. post occlusion) by 0.06 mm (95\% CI: 0.01; 0.12) were detected in the non-diabetic group, while they remained unchanged in the T2DM group. Conclusion: No beneficial effects of CF were detected on vascular reactivity parameters in T2DM and non-diabetic participants.",
keywords = "type 2 diabetes, cocoa flavanols, vascular reactivity, blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs, FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION, DARK CHOCOLATE, ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, DIETARY FLAVANOLS, HEALTH-BENEFITS, RICH COCOA, CONSUMPTION, EPIDEMIOLOGY, POLYPHENOL, ABSORPTION",
author = "A. Tanghe and E. Heyman and E. Lespagnol and J. Stautemas and B. Celie and \{Op 't Roodt\}, Jos and E. Rietzschel and D.D. Soares and N. Hermans and E. Tuenter and S. Shadid and P. Calders",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by grants obtained by Special Research Fund/Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) at Ghent University (Grant Number BOF17/DOC/050), by Elsa Heyman and Danusa Dias Soares (from the North of France Region‐FAPEMIG 2015: FAPEMIG‐NORD‐PAS‐ DE CALAIS CDS‐APQ‐03546‐15) and by Samyah Shadid (Astra Zeneca grant). These study funders were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; or the writing the report and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report.Acknowledgments: We thank J. Heyman (CNRS, UMR6118, Rennes 1 university, France) for providing access to his software of glycemic excursions and variability calculation, P. Fan{\c c}a‐Berthon from Naturex part of Givaudan for providing the cocoa extract as well as theobromine and caffeine powders, and A. Bertrand (Statistical Methodology and Computing Service, SMCS, UCLouvain, Belgium) for her help with statistical analyses. Funding Information: Funding: This study was supported by grants obtained by Special Research Fund/Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) at Ghent University (Grant Number BOF17/DOC/050), by Elsa Heyman and Danusa Dias Soares (from the North of France Region‐FAPEMIG 2015: FAPEMIG‐NORD‐PAS‐ DE CALAIS CDS‐APQ‐03546‐15) and by Samyah Shadid (Astra Zeneca grant). These study funders were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; or the writing the report and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2022",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3390/nu14132692",
language = "English",
volume = "14",
journal = "Nutrients",
issn = "2072-6643",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "13",
}