TY - JOUR
T1 - Rapid Colorimetric Screening of Elevated Phosphate in Urine
T2 - A Charge-Transfer Interaction
AU - Lowdon, Joseph W
AU - Ishikura, Hikaru
AU - Radchenko, Ash
AU - Arreguin-Campos, Rocio
AU - Rogosic, Renato
AU - Heidt, Benjamin
AU - Jimenez Monroy, Kathia
AU - Peeters, Marloes
AU - Diliën, Hanne
AU - Eersels, Kasper
AU - Cleij, Thomas J
AU - van Grinsven, Bart
N1 - Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2020/8/25
Y1 - 2020/8/25
N2 - A charge-transfer (CT) interaction between 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4-dimethylbenzene (TNX) and anionic phosphate is evaluated, yielding a high band electronic transfer interaction that can be observed as a distinct color change when phosphate is present in solution. The induced interaction was studied using 1H NMR, UV-visible, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The stoichiometric determination of the interaction was divined by means of continuous variation, applying the Schaeppi-Treadwell method to calculate the binding constant (k). Furthermore, the effect of the polarity of solvents toward the generation of the CT interaction was examined, with multiple solvents considered. Complex deconstruction studies were undertaken, examining the effects of water on complex destruction and understanding the volumes needed to hinder the CT interaction potency. Specificity and selectivity of the CT interaction were also studied against other biologically relevant species (CH3CH2OH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, F-, CH3COO-, and SO42-), assessing the capabilities of the assay to differentiate anionic species and counter cations that could act as interferences. The role of TNX concentration in CT formation was also analyzed, aiming to optimize the phosphate-sensing assay and improve its limit of detection. The sensing platform was subsequently used to study phosphate concentrations in urine samples to further understand its potential application in biomedical research. To validate the developed technique, urine samples were analyzed for their phosphate content with both the developed sensor and a validated vanadate-molybdate reagent. The results indicate that the sensing method is capable of accurately reporting elevated phosphate levels in urine samples in a rapid and sensitive manner, illustrating that the colorimetric test could be used as a prescreening test for conditions such as hyperphosphatemia or chronic kidney disease.
AB - A charge-transfer (CT) interaction between 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4-dimethylbenzene (TNX) and anionic phosphate is evaluated, yielding a high band electronic transfer interaction that can be observed as a distinct color change when phosphate is present in solution. The induced interaction was studied using 1H NMR, UV-visible, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The stoichiometric determination of the interaction was divined by means of continuous variation, applying the Schaeppi-Treadwell method to calculate the binding constant (k). Furthermore, the effect of the polarity of solvents toward the generation of the CT interaction was examined, with multiple solvents considered. Complex deconstruction studies were undertaken, examining the effects of water on complex destruction and understanding the volumes needed to hinder the CT interaction potency. Specificity and selectivity of the CT interaction were also studied against other biologically relevant species (CH3CH2OH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, F-, CH3COO-, and SO42-), assessing the capabilities of the assay to differentiate anionic species and counter cations that could act as interferences. The role of TNX concentration in CT formation was also analyzed, aiming to optimize the phosphate-sensing assay and improve its limit of detection. The sensing platform was subsequently used to study phosphate concentrations in urine samples to further understand its potential application in biomedical research. To validate the developed technique, urine samples were analyzed for their phosphate content with both the developed sensor and a validated vanadate-molybdate reagent. The results indicate that the sensing method is capable of accurately reporting elevated phosphate levels in urine samples in a rapid and sensitive manner, illustrating that the colorimetric test could be used as a prescreening test for conditions such as hyperphosphatemia or chronic kidney disease.
KW - ANION RECOGNITION
KW - PHOSPHORUS
KW - CALCIUM
KW - DEPROTONATION
KW - RECEPTORS
KW - FLUORIDE
KW - BEHAVIOR
KW - INSIGHT
KW - SENSORS
KW - BINDER
U2 - 10.1021/acsomega.0c02651
DO - 10.1021/acsomega.0c02651
M3 - Article
C2 - 32875242
SN - 2470-1343
VL - 5
SP - 21054
EP - 21066
JO - Acs omega
JF - Acs omega
IS - 33
ER -