@article{8aa4f5ea18fc4e9f861ace4e06afd528,
title = "Examining the Factor Structure of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in a Multi-Ethnic Working Population in Singapore",
abstract = "The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used measure for assessing sleep impairment. Although it was developed as a unidimensional instrument, there is much debate that it contains multidimensional latent constructs. This study aims to investigate the dimensionality of the underlying factor structure of the PSQI in a multi-ethnic working population in Singapore. The PSQI was administered on three occasions (baseline, 3 months and 12 months) to full-time employees participating in a workplace cohort study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) investigated the latent factor structure of the scale at each timepoint. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the model identified by EFA, and additionally evaluated it against a single factor and a three-factor model. The EFA identified a two-factor model with similar internal consistency and goodness-of-fit across each timepoint. In the CFA, the two- and three-factor models were both superior to the unidimensional model. The two- and three-factor models of the PSQI were reliable, consistent and provided similar goodness-of-fit over time, and both models were superior to the unidimensional measure. We recommend using the two-factor model to assess sleep characteristics in working populations in Singapore, given that it performs as well as the three-factor model and is simpler compared to the latter.",
keywords = "sleep quality, factor analysis, workplace health, 3-FACTOR MODEL, SAMPLE-SIZE, RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, HEALTH, LIGHT",
author = "Gerard Dunleavy and Ram Bajpai and Tonon, {Andre Comiran} and Chua, {Ai Ping} and Cheung, {Kei Long} and Chee-Kiong Soh and Georgios Christopoulos and {de Vries}, Hein and Josip Car",
note = "Funding Information: Author Contributions: Conceptualization, G.D. and R.B.; methodology, G.D. and R.B.; formal analysis, G.D.; investigation, G.D., C.K.S., G.C. and J.C.; data curation, G.D.; writing—original draft preparation, G.D. and R.B.; writing—review and editing, R.B., A.C.T., C.A.P., K.L.C., C.K.S., G.C., H.d.V and J.C..; supervision, J.C., K.L.C and H.d.V.; project administration, G.D.; funding acquisition, C.K.S., G.C. and J.C.” Funding: This research is supported in part by the Singapore Ministry of National Development and the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister{\textquoteright}s Office under the Land and Liveability National Innovation Challenge (L2 NIC) Research Programme (L2 NIC Award No L2 NIC FP1-2013-2). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Singapore Ministry of National Development and National Research Foundation, Prime Minister{\textquoteright}s Office, Singapore. Funding Information: This research is supported in part by the Singapore Ministry of National Development and the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister{\textquoteright}s Office under the Land and Liveability National Innovation Challenge (L2 NIC) Research Programme (L2 NIC Award No L2 NIC FP1-2013-2). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Singapore Ministry of National Development and National Research Foundation, Prime Minister{\textquoteright}s Office, Singapore. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2019",
month = dec,
doi = "10.3390/ijerph16234590",
language = "English",
volume = "16",
journal = "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health",
issn = "1660-4601",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "23",
}